Lista de operaciones de cambio de régimen y guerras de poder orquestadas por los EE.UU. desde 1950

La Guerra de Corea comenzó en 1950 cuando Corea del Norte invadió Corea del Sur. La Unión Soviética y China apoyaron a Corea del Norte, mientras que Estados Unidos y sus aliados apoyaron a Corea del Sur. La guerra terminó con un armisticio en 1953.

Before the war, Korea was ruled by Japan for 35 years until Japan surrendered in 1945. After that, the United States and the Soviet Union divided Korea into two parts, with each country controlling one part. This division led to the creation of two separate governments in 1948: North Korea led by Kim Il Sung, and South Korea, led by Syngman Rhee. Both sides claimed to be the rightful government of all of Korea and disagreed on the border.

Los intentos de negociar la reunificación fracasaron, y el 25 de junio de 1950, las fuerzas norcoreanas cruzaron la frontera hacia Corea del Sur. El Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas lo calificó como una invasión y autorizó la formación de una fuerza de la ONU para defender a Corea del Sur. La mayoría de las fuerzas de la ONU estaban dirigidas por Estados Unidos.

The United States’ merciless bombing campaign against North Korea, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, was a pivotal moment in the conflict that ultimately made it near impossible to achieve a peaceful resolution with the North Korean people. This devastating military operation has been described by some historians as even more destructive than the damage inflicted upon Germany and Japan during World War II.

Estados Unidos lanzó alrededor de 635.000 toneladas de bombas sobre Corea del Norte, incluidas unas 32.000 toneladas de napalm, un arma incendiaria altamente inflamable utilizada para incendiar estructuras y causar lesiones graves.

Los intensos bombardeos causaron importantes bajas civiles y la destrucción generalizada de infraestructuras como viviendas, escuelas, hospitales, fábricas y carreteras. Se estima que hasta un tercio de la población de las zonas urbanas murió o resultó herida como consecuencia de ello.

En respuesta a la creciente intervención china en apoyo de las fuerzas norcoreanas a finales de la década de 1950 y principios de la de 1951, el general Douglas MacArthur pidió una campaña aérea intensificada que incluía bombardeos de alfombra -lanzando grandes cantidades de bombas sobre una amplia zona sin seleccionar un objetivo específico- con el objetivo de la destrucción total de los pueblos y ciudades norcoreanos. Esto generó una considerable controversia debido a la devastación masiva que causó.

El golpe de Estado del 19 de agosto de 1953 en Irán marcó un importante punto de inflexión en la historia política del país. Este evento, a menudo conocido como Operación Ajax en los Estados Unidos y Operación Boot en el Reino Unido, resultó en el derrocamiento del Primer Ministro de Irán, Mohammad Mosaddegh, elegido democráticamente.

A principios de la década de 1950, el primer ministro Mosaddegh se había convertido en un símbolo del nacionalismo y la autodeterminación iraníes, principalmente debido a su campaña para la nacionalización de la industria petrolera iraní, que había sido controlada por compañías extranjeras, principalmente la Compañía Petrolera Anglo-Iraní (AIOC), de propiedad británica, ahora conocida como BP.

El movimiento de Mosaddegh hacia la nacionalización fue visto como una amenaza directa a los intereses occidentales, particularmente a los del Reino Unido. El gobierno británico se opuso vehementemente a esta acción y buscó la ayuda de los Estados Unidos, argumentando que Irán estaba cayendo bajo la influencia comunista y corría el riesgo de alinearse con la Unión Soviética.

A pesar de las dudas iniciales, el recién elegido presidente Eisenhower y su administración fueron persuadidos por los temores de la Guerra Fría, por lo que acordaron apoyar un plan secreto coordinado por la Agencia Central de Inteligencia (CIA) y el Servicio Secreto de Inteligencia (SIS) de Gran Bretaña para derrocar a Mosaddegh.

La operación implicó una compleja mezcla de subversión política, propaganda y orquestación de protestas callejeras. El 19 de agosto de 1953, oficiales militares leales al Shah arrestaron a Mosaddegh. Con el primer ministro fuera del camino, el Shah, que había huido brevemente del país durante el golpe, regresó al poder.

Although the coup was initially successful in achieving its immediate objective - reinstating the Shah’s power and control - it had far-reaching consequences. The Shah’s increasingly authoritarian rule led to widespread discontent and ultimately laid the groundwork for the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which overthrew the monarchy and established an hardline Islamic Republic in Iran.

La participación de Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido en el golpe fue reconocida oficialmente décadas después. Desde entonces, esta intervención ha sido ampliamente criticada y se considera un factor importante que contribuye al sentimiento antioccidental en Irán y en Oriente Medio en general.

El golpe de Estado de 1954 en Guatemala, conocido como Golpe de Estado en Guatemala de 1954, fue orquestado por la CIA bajo la operación encubierta PBSuccess. Derrocó al presidente democráticamente electo Jacobo Árbenz y marcó el fin de la Revolución guatemalteca de 1944-1954. El golpe instaló a Carlos Castillo Armas como líder de una dictadura militar, iniciando una serie de gobernantes autoritarios respaldados por Estados Unidos en Guatemala.

The Guatemalan Revolution began in 1944 after a popular uprising removed the military dictatorship of Jorge Ubico. Juan José Arévalo was elected as the first president in Guatemala's democratic election. Arévalo implemented reforms such as a minimum wage and expanded suffrage, transforming Guatemala into a democracy. Árbenz succeeded Arévalo in 1951 and implemented land reforms that redistributed property to landless peasants.

La United Fruit Company (una corporación multinacional estadounidense), cuyas ganancias se vieron afectadas por el fin de las prácticas laborales explotadoras en Guatemala, llevó a cabo una campaña de cabildeo persuasiva para convencer a los EE.UU. de derrocar al gobierno guatemalteco. El presidente Harry Truman autorizó la Operación PBFortune en 1952 para eliminar a Árbenz, que sirvió como precursor de PBSuccess.

The next U.S. president  Dwight D. Eisenhower pledged a stronger stance against communism. Eisenhower's advisers, John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, had connections to the UFC, further motivating them to take action against the Guatemalan government. The U.S. government also exaggerated the extent of communist influence within Árbenz's administration. In August 1953, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to execute Operation PBSuccess. The CIA provided arms, funding, and training to a force of 480 men led by Carlos Castillo Armas.

The coup was preceded by U.S. efforts to isolate and criticize Guatemala on the international stage. Castillo Armas' forces invaded Guatemala on June 18th, 1954, while engaging in intense psychological warfare. They utilized a radio station to broadcast anti-government propaganda, manipulated military events to favor the rebellion, conducted air bombings of Guatemala City, and established a naval blockade. Although the invasion force faced military setbacks, the psychological warfare and the fear of a U.S. invasion intimidated the Guatemalan army, leading them to refuse to fight. Árbenz attempted to arm civilians to resist the invasion but eventually resigned on June 27th. Ten days later, Castillo Armas assumed the presidency following negotiations in San Salvador.

The coup was widely condemned internationally. It was seen as a major blow to democracy in Guatemala and further fueled anti-U.S. sentiment in Latin America. In an attempt to justify the coup, the CIA launched Operation PBHistory to find evidence of Soviet influence in Guatemala during Árbenz's tenure, but the operation proved unsuccessful. Castillo Armas quickly consolidated dictatorial powers, banned opposition parties, imprisoned and tortured political opponents, and reversed the social reforms of the revolution. Guatemala subsequently experienced nearly four decades of civil war as leftist guerrillas fought against a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian regimes marked by severe human rights abuses, including the genocide of the Maya people.

En 1958, la orden del presidente Eisenhower a la CIA para derrocar al gobierno de Sukarno marcó una operación encubierta destinada a sacar a Sukarno del poder. Sin embargo, los planes fueron rápidamente expuestos por la inteligencia soviética, lo que llevó a un conocimiento generalizado del "Complot Estadounidense para derrocar a Sukarno".

La participación de la CIA en el golpe se hizo evidente cuando un piloto estadounidense fue derribado, lo que los activistas comunistas utilizaron como evidencia de la intervención occidental en los asuntos indonesios. Esta revelación intensificó la oposición al golpe y proporcionó un punto de reunión para los partidarios comunistas. El fallido golpe de Estado sirvió para fortalecer la posición de Sukarno y envalentonó sus inclinaciones procomunistas.

The CIA's strategy involved establishing operational bases in the Philippines and employing Filipino CIA paramilitary officers to make contact with Indonesian military forces. They also provided weapons and financial support to rebel military forces and used radio stations to broadcast anti-Sukarno messages as part of psychological warfare. However, the CIA underestimated the strength of the Indonesian Army and failed to recognize that many top commanders were staunchly anti-communist, resulting in clashes between American-aligned forces.

The Indonesian government, led by Sukarno, fiercely opposed the rebels, and loyal military forces were mobilized to suppress the rebellion. They launched attacks on rebel strongholds, including airstrikes and a naval blockade. Eventually, the rebel forces were defeated, and the coup came to a transparent and complete failure. This failure marked a significant setback for the CIA, highlighting their inability to compete with Soviet covert intelligence and the repercussions of underestimating the local dynamics and anti-communist sentiment within the Indonesian Army.

The aftermath of the failed coup further solidified Sukarno's position, and the United Nations supported the formation of Malaysia in Indonesia's northernmost territory. Sukarno's alignment with communist interests became more pronounced, setting the stage for further political developments and tensions in the years to come.

When Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959 after the left-wing revolution, the new regime distanced itself from the United States and aligned closely with the Soviet Union. This raised concerns in the U.S. due to Cuba's proximity and its significance in the Cold War. In response, President Eisenhower ordered the CIA to develop a plan to overthrow Castro's government. The CIA trained and funded a group of exiled Cuban counter-revolutionaries, known as Brigade 2506, as part of this operation.

When President John F. Kennedy took office, he approved the CIA's plan, and the invasion of Cuba was set in motion. However, the attack, known as the Bay of Pigs invasion, quickly encountered setbacks. The Cuban armed forces, under Castro's command, swiftly defeated the invading forces within two days. The failed invasion bolstered Castro's administration, which openly embraced socialism and strengthened its ties with the Soviet Union. The Kennedy administration conducted an assessment of the Bay of Pigs defeat and subsequently initiated a new covert program, Operation Mongoose, in an attempt to remove the Castro regime from power.

Operation Mongoose, overseen by the CIA and Department of Defense, involved a wide range of plans, including political, psychological, military, sabotage, and intelligence operations. It even considered assassination attempts on political leaders, including Castro. However, despite some actions being deployed, Operation Mongoose failed to achieve its primary objectives. Meanwhile, the U.S. became increasingly concerned about Soviet arms shipments to Cuba, with the possibility of nuclear warheads being introduced. This led to the suspension of Operation Mongoose in October 1962 as the Cuban Missile Crisis unfolded, marking one of the most dangerous moments of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The Vietnam War (1955-1975) was a conflict fought between the communist government of North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, which was backed by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy conflict. It began as an insurgency by communist forces in Vietnam against French colonial rule in the mid-20th century and escalated into a full-fledged war after the French withdrawal from Indochina in 1954.

El incidente del Golfo de Tonkin jugó un papel crucial en la escalada de la participación estadounidense en la Guerra de Vietnam. En agosto de 1964, dos presuntos ataques contra destructores de la Armada estadounidense por parte de buques de guerra norvietnamitas ocurrieron en el Golfo de Tonkín. Estos incidentes habrían ocurrido el 2 y 4 de agosto. Sin embargo, más tarde surgieron pruebas que sugerían que el segundo ataque podría no haber tenido lugar en absoluto.

The reported attacks were used by President Lyndon B. Johnson as justification for seeking congressional approval to escalate American military involvement in Vietnam. On August 7, just days after the alleged incidents, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave Johnson broad powers to use military force in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war.

As American casualties mounted and news about atrocities committed during the conflict spread to Western media outlets, public support for U.S involvement waned significantly.

La guerra terminó oficialmente el 30 de abril de 1975, cuando las tropas norvietnamitas capturaron Saigón (ahora Ciudad Ho Chi Minh), la capital de Vietnam del Sur. La caída de Saigón marcó una derrota significativa para Estados Unidos en uno de los conflictos más largos de su historia. El ejército estadounidense tuvo que enfrentarse a una vergonzosa retirada similar en Afganistán años después.

El período de 1960 a 1965 fue testigo de agitación política y conflicto en el Congo, tras su independencia de Bélgica. La crisis fue un conflicto de poder durante la Guerra Fría, con la Unión Soviética y los Estados Unidos apoyando a facciones opuestas en una serie de guerras civiles. Se estima que la crisis se cobró alrededor de 100.000 vidas.

When Congo gained independence from Belgium on June 30, 1960, Patrice Lumumba became its first Prime Minister. His charisma instilled hope for the future among his people. His anti-colonial stance and goal of a united Congo made Belgian authorities and Western powers, like the US, uneasy.

Even after Congo's independence, Belgium maintained significant economic interests in the country. In an effort to maintain control over their investments and weaken Lumumba's government, Belgian officials backed separatist movements in regions like Katanga, known for their abundant mineral deposits.

El contexto de la Guerra Fría llevó a Estados Unidos a preocuparse de que la retórica antioccidental de Lumumba pudiera hacer que se alineara con los intereses soviéticos. En consecuencia, el presidente Eisenhower dio a la CIA el visto bueno para llevar a cabo operaciones encubiertas contra el gobierno de Lumumba.

The involvement of the Soviet Union resulted in a split in the Congolese government and a stalemate between Lumumba and President Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Mobutu Sese Seko, who commanded the army, staged a coup, expelled the Soviet advisors, and established a new government under his control. Lumumba was taken into custody and then executed in 1961. The involvement of Belgian officers in connection to all these has been well documented, while the CIA’s role remains a subject of speculation due to insufficient evidence to conclusively prove their direct participation in the murder.

Bélgica y Estados Unidos desempeñaron un papel crucial en la desestabilización del gobierno independiente del Congo, dirigido por Patrice Lumumba, que finalmente culminó con su asesinato.

In March 1964, a coup took place in Brazil that resulted in the overthrow of President João Goulart by the Brazilian Armed Forces. The coup occurred from March 31st to April 1st and was supported by the speaker of the Brazilian Congress, who declared the presidency vacant. Goulart, a member of the Brazilian Labour Party, had been democratically elected as vice president. The presidency was originally won by Jânio Quadros, a conservative backed by the National Democratic Union, but he resigned in 1961. According to the Brazilian Constitution, Goulart should have automatically assumed the presidency, but right-wing militants accused him of being a communist and tried to prevent him from taking office. Eventually, a compromise was reached, and the parliamentary system replaced the presidential system, with Goulart continuing as head of state and Tancredo Neves becoming the prime minister.

However, in 1963, a referendum reinstated the presidential system, and Goulart assumed full powers. His presidency faced numerous challenges, including political problems and Cold War disputes, which contributed to its destabilization. Goulart's proposed Basic Reforms Plan aimed to redistribute the profits of large companies, but it was viewed as a "socialist threat" by right-wing factions and the military. Large-scale demonstrations against the government, known as the Marches of the Family with God for Freedom, were organized in opposition to Goulart's policies.

El golpe de Estado en Brasil trajo consigo un régimen militar alineado con los intereses del gobierno de Estados Unidos. Esta dictadura militar duró 21 años hasta 1985, cuando Tancredo Neves, que había desempeñado un papel en las negociaciones durante el golpe, fue elegido indirectamente como el primer presidente civil desde las elecciones de 1960.

The Dominican Civil War, also known as the April Revolution, occurred from April 24th to September 3rd, 1965, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. It began when supporters of ousted President Juan Bosch, both civilian and military, removed President Donald Reid Cabral, who had come to power through a military installation. This second coup prompted General Elías Wessin y Wessin to mobilize loyalist military forces in support of President Reid, leading to an armed conflict against the rebels known as the "constitutionalists." The rebels distributed weapons to civilian sympathizers.

Las acusaciones de apoyo comunista a los rebeldes, incluida la participación extranjera, llevaron a la intervención de Estados Unidos en el conflicto bajo el nombre en clave de Operación Power Pack. Finalmente, el conflicto resultó en una ocupación de la República Dominicana por parte de la Fuerza Interamericana de Paz, que representaba a la Organización de Estados Americanos. En 1966 se celebraron elecciones y Joaquín Balaguer fue elegido nuevo presidente. Más tarde ese año, las tropas extranjeras se retiraron del país.

Como resultado de la Operación Power Pack, el comunismo no se afianzó en la República Dominicana. Sin embargo, los críticos argumentan que sentó un precedente para futuras intervenciones de Estados Unidos en América Latina.

The 1976 Argentine coup d'état, which ousted President Isabel Perón on March 24th, 1976, had elements of right-wing influence but did not strictly adhere to a specific ideology. While it emphasized the restoration of order and security, it was not a traditional right-wing coup. Following the coup, a military junta was established, led by Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera, and Brigadier-General Orlando Ramón Agosti. The junta's political process was officially named the "National Reorganization Process," and although its original members changed, it remained in power until the restoration of democratic governance on December 10th, 1983.

The coup had been planned since October 1975, and the Peron government became aware of the preparations two months before its execution. Henry Kissinger, a U.S. official, held multiple meetings with Argentine Armed Forces leaders after the coup, urging them to swiftly eliminate their opponents before concerns about human rights abuses grew in the United States.

Debido a la persecución sistemática de una minoría social durante este período, los hechos han sido catalogados como un proceso genocida. Esta clasificación se ha establecido a través de los juicios a los responsables de crímenes de lesa humanidad.

The United States played a significant role in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), though it was not officially involved as a combatant. The United States supported Iraq under Saddam Hussein’s regime, believing that it would serve as a buffer against Iran’s expanding influence and revolutionary ideology. The US provided logistics support, military intelligence, financial assistance, and weapons and assistance in the development of chemical weapons (weapons of mass destruction/WMDs) to Iraq.

En 1983, Estados Unidos lanzó la Operación Staunch para restringir la capacidad de Irán de obtener armamento avanzado del extranjero. Esta operación consistió en esfuerzos diplomáticos destinados a convencer a otros países de que no vendieran armas ni proporcionaran ayuda militar a Irán.

In August 2013, Revista de Política Exterior published an article based on CIA documents and interviews with former intelligence officials. The article suggested that the U.S. was aware of Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against Iranian forces and civilians but continued to provide assistance due to strategic interests in the region.

Estas revelaciones han provocado debates sobre el grado de participación y responsabilidad de Estados Unidos en las acciones de Irak en ese momento, así como una discusión más amplia sobre las relaciones internacionales y la toma de decisiones de política exterior.

The Nicaraguan Revolution, also known as the Sandinista Revolution, occurred from the 1960s to the 1990s and encompassed various phases. It began with the opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s. The Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) led a campaign to oust the dictatorship, which succeeded in 1978-79. Subsequently, the FSLN governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990 while facing the Contra War against the United States-backed Contras from 1981 to 1990. The revolution turned Nicaragua into a prominent battleground of the Cold War, drawing significant international attention.

El derrocamiento inicial del régimen de Somoza fue un asunto tumultuoso, y la Guerra de los Contras en la década de 1980 resultó en la pérdida de muchas vidas nicaragüenses y provocó un intenso debate internacional. El FSLN y los Contras, que representaban facciones de izquierda y derecha, respectivamente, recibieron ayuda sustancial de la Unión Soviética y los Estados Unidos debido a la inestabilidad política del país, la economía en dificultades y la disminución de la influencia del gobierno durante la década de 1980.

In December 1989, the United States carried out an invasion of Panama called Operation Just Cause with the aim of removing General Manuel Noriega, who had effectively ruled Panama and was wanted by U.S. authorities for drug trafficking and racketeering. The invasion lasted for several weeks and led to Noriega's surrender. As a result, the Panamanian Defense Forces were disbanded, and Guillermo Endara, the opposition candidate, assumed the presidency. Noriega, who was previously an ally of the United States, fell out of favor due to his involvement in criminal activities. Despite failed negotiations for his resignation and his annulment of the Panamanian election results, tensions escalated after the killing of a U.S. Marine, prompting President George H. W. Bush to authorize the invasion. The Panamanian forces were swiftly overwhelmed, leading Noriega to seek refuge in a diplomatic mission before ultimately surrendering. He was later extradited to the U.S., where he was convicted and sentenced to prison. The invasion resulted in casualties on both sides and drew criticism from international bodies for violating international law.

Madeleine Albright se desempeñó como Secretaria de Estado de los Estados Unidos de 1997 a 2001, durante la administración del presidente Bill Clinton. Fue una figura clave en la intervención de la OTAN en Serbia en 1999. Como secretaria de Estado, argumentó que la OTAN tenía la obligación moral de intervenir para detener la campaña de limpieza étnica del gobierno serbio contra los albanokosovares. La campaña de bombardeos duró 78 días y finalmente condujo a la retirada de las fuerzas serbias de Kosovo.

Los críticos de la intervención de la OTAN, que no contó con la aprobación del Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU, han hecho acusaciones de crímenes de guerra, principalmente:

* Civilian casualties: NATO bombings resulted in civilian casualties. The exact number is disputed and varies from around 500 to over 2,000 depending on the source.

* Use of depleted uranium: NATO’s use of depleted uranium in its ammunition has been associated with health risks, including cancer and birth defects.

* Bombing of non-military targets: Several buildings not involved in military activities were hit, including the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, in which three Chinese journalists were killed.

Background

Zbigniew Brzezinski, asesor de seguridad nacional del presidente Carter de 1977 a 1981, desempeñó un papel central en la política exterior estadounidense hacia Afganistán durante la invasión soviética. La CIA apoyó encubiertamente a combatientes islámicos, o muyahidines, que se oponían a la invasión soviética. A continuación, un breve resumen de los eventos clave:

* 1979: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to prop up a pro-Soviet government facing a rebellion. This sparked a nine-year conflict.

* Operation Cyclone - This was the code name for the CIA program to arm and finance the Mujahideen in Afghanistan. The operation lasted from 1979 to 1989.

* Zbigniew Brzezinski’s Role - As National Security Advisor, Brzezinski was a leading architect of the strategy to support the Mujahideen. He saw the conflict as an opportunity to sap the resources of the Soviet Union and possibly induce a Soviet version of Vietnam, thus weakening the USSR significantly.

* Impact and Unintended Consequences - The plan was successful in the sense that the Soviet Union was bogged down in Afghanistan for a decade and suffered a major blow to its global prestige. However, the unintended consequence was that the Mujahideen, with their new-found power, would later morph into various factions, including Taliban and al-Qaeda.

Osama bin Laden como activo de la CIA >

Unintended consequence

Following the September 11th attacks (Read: Carta de Osama bin Laden al pueblo estadounidense), the U.S. demanded the extradition of then al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden from the the Taliban government in Afghanistan, but the Taliban refused to comply without America accepting their ofrecer.

Estados Unidos lanzó la Operación Libertad Duradera, que llevó a la expulsión de los talibanes de las principales ciudades con la ayuda de la Alianza del Norte. Sin embargo, los talibanes se reagruparon e iniciaron una insurgencia contra el gobierno afgano y las fuerzas de la coalición.

El conflicto implicó guerra de guerrillas, ataques suicidas y represalias. Los esfuerzos para eliminar militarmente a los talibanes resultaron difíciles, y la coalición recurrió a la diplomacia. El acuerdo entre Estados Unidos y los talibanes de 2020 esbozó la retirada de las tropas estadounidenses, que coincidió con la amplia ofensiva de los talibanes en 2021.

Los talibanes recuperaron con éxito el control, lo que culminó con la caída de Kabul y la salida de las últimas tropas estadounidenses de una manera vergonzosa similar a la retirada de Vietnam. La guerra provocó una importante pérdida de vidas y el desplazamiento de civiles afganos. Hubo 2.402 militares estadounidenses muertos y 20.713 miembros del servicio estadounidense resultaron heridos en acción durante la guerra. Esta guerra se convirtió en la más larga en la historia militar de los Estados Unidos, superando la duración de la Guerra de Vietnam.

La invasión de Irak de 2003, conocida como Operación Libertad Iraquí, fue una campaña militar dirigida por Estados Unidos y sus aliados con el objetivo de derrocar al presidente iraquí Saddam Hussein, desarmar a Irak de las armas de destrucción masiva (ADM), poner fin al apoyo al terrorismo y crear una nación en el mundo árabe que sea amiga de Israel. Comenzó el 19 de marzo de 2003 y duró más de un mes.

The invasion involved a coalition force of about 160,000 troops, mainly American soldiers. They swiftly overpowered Iraqi forces, capturing Baghdad on April 9th, 2003, after the Battle of Baghdad. President George W. Bush declared the end of major combat operations on May 1st, 2003.

La invasión se basó en preocupaciones sobre la supuesta posesión de armas de destrucción masiva por parte de Irak y su posible amenaza a la paz mundial, aunque no se encontraron pruebas de armas de destrucción masiva. La guerra contó con el apoyo de algunos países, pero se enfrentó a la oposición de otros, incluidos los aliados de larga data de Estados Unidos, como Francia, Alemania y Nueva Zelanda. Se produjeron protestas masivas contra la guerra en todo el mundo, en las que participaron millones de personas.

Durante la invasión, las fuerzas de la coalición enfrentaron una resistencia limitada y ocuparon Irak con éxito, lo que llevó al derrocamiento del régimen de Saddam Hussein. El período subsiguiente implicó la ocupación militar y el establecimiento de gobiernos de transición. La presencia militar estadounidense en Irak continuó hasta su retirada en 2011.

Aftermath

El derrocamiento de Saddam Hussein en 2003 creó un vacío de poder en Irak, que ha sido explotado inteligentemente por Irán, el mayor enemigo de Estados Unidos en el mundo árabe. Así es como sucedió:

Political Vacuum: Saddam Hussein’s regime was Sunni, although Iraq has a majority Shia population. His removal left a gap in the political structure, which was filled by the Shia majority. Iran, being a predominantly Shia country, found common ground with the new Iraqi leadership.

Influence through Militias: Iran extended its influence in Iraq through various Shia militias. Many of these militias were trained and funded by Iran, enabling Iran to exert considerable influence over Iraq’s security situation.

Economic Ties: Post-Saddam Iraq saw an increase in trade with Iran, further tying the two countries together. Iran became one of Iraq’s largest trading partners, enhancing its influence over the Iraqi economy.

Cultural and Religious Ties: Iran has capitalized on the shared Shia faith to extend its influence in Iraq. The two countries share several religious sites and festivals, and Iran has used these to strengthen its cultural ties with Iraq.

Political Influence: Iran has been able to exert direct and indirect influence over Iraq’s political affairs. It has supported various Shia political parties and politicians, further consolidando su influencia en Irak.

El resultado neto de estos factores es que Irán ha sido capaz de extender su esfera de influencia a Irak en la era post-Sadam.

La participación de Estados Unidos en Libia, principalmente durante la guerra civil de 2011, fue significativa y desempeñó un papel en el actual estado anárquico del país. A continuación, una cronología general de los acontecimientos:

* 1969-2011: Prior to the civil war, Libya had one of the highest GDPs per capita in Africa, largely due to its large oil reserves. After overthrowing King Idris in 1969, Gaddafi implemented policies aimed at eliminating poverty in Libya. The oil revenue was used to fund large-scale infrastructure projects, leading to a significant increase in the standard of living. Gaddafi introduced free healthcare and education, and subsidized housing was made available to all citizens.

Había propuesto un plan para crear una moneda única africana hecha de oro, conocida como el Dinar de Oro. La idea era que esta moneda se utilizaría para comprar y vender petróleo y otros recursos en lugar de los EE. UU. u otras monedas extranjeras.

* February 2011: Protests against Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi’s regime began, inspired by the Arab Spring movements in neighboring countries. The protests quickly escalated into a full-blown civil war funded by entities aiming to exploit Libya’s oil resources.

* March 2011: The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1973, authorizing a no-fly zone over Libya. The US, along with NATO allies and some Arab nations, began a military intervention under this authorization.

* April 2011: The US transitioned primary command and control to NATO. However, the US continued to play a significant role in the NATO mission, providing a large portion of the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities, as well as a significant portion of the in-air refueling capabilities.

* October 2011: Gaddafi was captured and killed by rebel forces. The National Transitional Council, composed of anti-Gaddafi forces, declared Libya liberated.

* 2012 and onwards: The following years saw Libya plagued by instability and violence. The country has been split among various armed groups, many of whom have turned against each other. The central government has struggled to exert control, and in some parts of the country, local militias have more power.

Aftermath

After the collapse of Muammar Gadhafi’s regime in 2011, Libya descended into chaos, with various factions vying for control. This created a power vacuum and lawlessness that allowed human trafficking and smuggling networks to thrive. Gaddafi had kept slavery illegal in Libya. Many migrants from other parts of Africa use Libya as a transit point to reach Europe. However, the tightening of border controls by European countries has left many migrants stranded in Libya. These migrants, desperate and without legal protections, are vulnerable to being exploited and sold into slavery. The ongoing economic crisis and instability in Libya have made human trafficking a profitable business. Many Libyans are struggling to make ends meet, and the exploitation of vulnerable migrants has become one way for people to earn money.

This is how Barack Obama trajo de vuelta el comercio de esclavos a África.

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing conflict in Syria that started in 2011 during the Protestas de la Primavera Árabe. It began as peaceful demonstrations against the Syrian government but escalated into an armed conflict after a violent crackdown. The war involves various factions, including the Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, opposition groups like the Syrian Interim Government and the Syrian Salvation Government, the autonomous region of Rojava represented by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and extremist groups such as Al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL) which are al-Qaeda cut outs.

Control sobre el petróleo sirio fields has been a factor in the conflict. Various factions, including ISIS at its peak, have sought to control oil fields as a way of generating revenue. Moreover, Israel has an interest in dismantling Syria in order to maintain its grip on oil-rich Golan Heights; Syrian territory occupied by Israel since the 1967.

Several foreign countries, including Iran, Israel, Russia, Turkey, and the United States, have become involved in the conflict by supporting different factions. Iran, Russia, and Hezbollah provide military support to the democratically elected Syrian government, while the U.S - led coalition covertly support rebel groups and conducts airstrikes against government and pro-government forces. Turkey has fought against the SDF, ISIS, and the Syrian government, and also supports the opposition rebel groups.

Estas son algunas de las principales formas en que Estados Unidos ha apoyado a los grupos rebeldes en Siria:

Financial Support: The US has provided financial assistance to certain rebel groups. This funding has been used to purchase weapons, equipment, and other supplies necessary for their resistance against the Syrian regime.

Military Aid: The US has provided military aid to certain rebel groups, which includes weapons, training, and tactical advice. The CIA ran a program called ‘Sicómoro de madera’ from 2013 to 2017 that trained and armed rebel groups.

Political Support: The US has also offered political support to the Syrian opposition. This includes advocating for their interests in international forums, such as the United Nations, and applying diplomatic pressure on the Syrian government and its allies.

Sanctions: The US has imposed sanctions on the Syrian regime and its supporters, aiming to weaken them and indirectly support the opposition.

The war has caused a significant number of casualties, with estimates ranging from 470,000 to 610,000 deaths. It has also resulted in a major refugee crisis, with millions of people fleeing to neighboring countries and beyond. Various peace initiatives have been attempted, but fighting has persisted. As of 2023, active combat between the Syrian government and rebel groups has mostly diminished, although sporadic clashes continue in Northwestern Syria. ISIS has been largely defeated, with only isolated pockets of resistance remaining in remote areas.

Ukraine is a resource-rich country in Eastern Europe that neighbors Russia. It is an important place in Russian history and Orthodox Christianity. However, it also has a history of supporting extremist ideologie like Nazism and Zionism to undermine historical Russian influence over the country. The western Polish and Ukrainian populations are aligned with the American-led western block, while Eastern Ukrainians are overwhelmingly pro-Russian and consider themselves ethnic Russian. Certain Western Polish and Ukrainian families, such as the Nulands, Brzezinskis, and Blinkens, have migrated to the US, continuing their ancestral pursuit of dismantling the former Soviet Union and modern-day Russia. Former colonial powers in the world like Britain and France, which had historical rivalries with Russia, as well as global oligarchs and companies like Roca Negra, which wield vast lobbying power in American and Western politics have an interest in dismantling the Russian sphere of influence in resource-rich Eurasian territories.

The Revolution of Dignity, also known as the Maidan Revolution or the Ukrainian Revolution, took place in Ukraine in February 2014. It resulted in the ousting of the democratically-elected President, Viktor Yanukovych, who maintained a balanced approach with the EU and Russia. The protesters also demanded a return to the 2004 Constitution that could pave the way for Ukraine to apply for EU and NATO membership. The revolution also led Russia to annex Crimea in 2014 and sparked the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022.

Victoria Nuland, una alta funcionaria del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos, y la Agencia Central de Inteligencia (CIA) han sido implicados por algunos críticos en lo que ven como una orquestación de la Revolución Maidán en Ucrania.

* Victoria Nuland’s role:

Nuland was Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs during the events of the Maidan Revolution. She made several trips to Ukraine during the crisis, met with opposition leaders, and expressed strong support for their cause.

Nuland’s infamous leaked phone call with Geoffrey Pyatt, the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, in which they discussed their preferred choices for the Ukrainian government after the revolution, has been pointed to as evidence of U.S. interference.

La distribución pública de alimentos por parte de Nuland a los manifestantes en la plaza Maidan fue vista por algunos como un gesto simbólico de apoyo a la oposición.

* The CIA’s alleged involvement:

Critics allege that the CIA had an active role in organizing and supporting the protests. Some argue that the CIA was involved in training and supporting protest groups, providing tactical advice, and possibly supplying non-lethal equipment. The agency is known for its history of involvement in political upheavals worldwide, which adds to these suspicions.

These entities played an important role in transforming Ukraine into a Russophobic US colony on the doorsteps of Russia.

Venezuela tiene las reservas de petróleo más probadas de todo el mundo. Los 298.000 millones de barriles de reservas probadas de Arabia Saudita apenas superaron los 304.000 millones de barriles de Venezuela. Ambos son significativamente más que los 69.000 millones de barriles de reservas probadas de Estados Unidos.

El gobierno de los Estados Unidos apoyó los esfuerzos para derrocar al gobierno de Venezuela, particularmente durante las presidencias de Hugo Chávez y Nicolás Maduro.

Hugo Chávez fue presidente de Venezuela desde 1999 hasta su muerte en 2013. Fue sucedido por su vicepresidente, Nicolás Maduro. Ambos líderes han estado asociados con políticas socialistas y anti-EE.UU. retórica. A lo largo de los años, ha habido repetidas acusaciones de que el gobierno de Estados Unidos ha tratado de socavar o derrocar al gobierno venezolano. Estas acusaciones han incluido afirmaciones de que Estados Unidos brinda apoyo a grupos de oposición, sanciones económicas y presión diplomática.

El incidente más notable ocurrió en abril de 2002, cuando un golpe de Estado sacó brevemente a Chávez del poder. Fue restituido al poder en 48 horas. El gobierno de Estados Unidos reconoció al gobierno interino que asumió el poder durante el golpe, lo que dio lugar a acusaciones de participación o apoyo de Estados Unidos.

En enero de 2019, el líder opositor Juan Guaidó se declaró presidente interino de Venezuela, cuestionando la legitimidad de la presidencia de Nicolás Maduro. Estados Unidos y varias otras naciones reconocieron a Guaidó como el líder legítimo. Esta medida fue vista por algunos como otro intento de golpe de Estado respaldado por Estados Unidos.

Bolivia is rich in lithium reserves and is part of El triángulo del litio. Lithium is a finite resource crucial for the production of electric batteries.

Evo Morales, el primer presidente indígena de Bolivia, estuvo en el poder de 2006 a 2019. Su presidencia se caracterizó por un importante crecimiento económico y una reducción de la pobreza. Es otro presidente latinoamericano que está conectado con los sentimientos antiestadounidenses y las políticas socialistas. Incluso ofreció asilo al denunciante de la NSA Edward Snowden.

En octubre de 2019, Morales se postuló para un cuarto mandato. Los resultados de las elecciones fueron impugnados, y la Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) declaró que hubo irregularidades en el conteo de votos. Morales acordó inicialmente celebrar nuevas elecciones, pero las protestas continuaron aumentando.

El 10 de noviembre de 2019, el ejército boliviano pidió públicamente la renuncia de Morales. Renunció el mismo día, denunciando los hechos como un golpe de Estado. Morales se exilió, primero en México y luego en Argentina.

The U.S.’s role in these events is a subject of debate. The U.S. government, under President Donald Trump, was quick to recognize the interim government headed by Jeanine Áñez that took power after Morales’s departure. This led some to argue that the U.S. had supported the coup. Additionally, critics point out that the OAS, which played a key part in questioning the election results, receives a significant portion of its funding from the U.S.

In 2020, a year after Morales was forced out, his political party MAS (Movement Toward Socialism) returned to power in Bolivia with the election of Luis Arce. Morales returned to Bolivia shortly after.

In July 2020, Elon Musk tweeted “¡Golpearemos a quien queramos! Enfréntate a ello” in response to a comment accusing him of engaging in a coup over lithium. Although Musk later clarified that his company gets most of its lithium from Australia, the tweet stirred controversy and speculation about Tesla’s potential benefit from a more business-friendly government in Bolivia.

Pakistan, a country with a long history as a US ally, has seen its Prime Minister Imran Khan ousted through a no-confidence vote in parliament. Khan claims that this is a US-backed regime change. He accused Donald Lu, a senior U.S. State Department official, of being involved in this purported plot.

Interestingly, Video showed Lu admitting to contacting Pakistani officials after Pakistan abstained from a vote on Russian aggression in Ukraine.

Pakistan Cypher Exposes Presión de EE.UU. para destituir a Imran Khan.

Las motivaciones para que Estados Unidos derrocó a Khan incluyen: su oposición a la guerra contra el terrorismo, su apoyo a los palestinos, sus esfuerzos para mejorar las relaciones con Rusia y China, y sus críticas a la política exterior de Estados Unidos.