目录
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长期以来，皇室一直与权力、财富和声望联系在一起。纵观历史，王室通婚以加强联盟、保存血统并巩固他们的统治。然而，这种近亲结婚的做法也导致了一个鲜为人知的后果：皇室血统内部近亲繁殖的水平增加。近亲繁殖，即近亲之间的交配行为，会导致遗传疾病和健康并发症的风险更高。
王室婚姻的历史视角
回顾历史，皇室通婚是一种常见的做法，其动机是希望在选定的群体中保持权力和财富。国王和王后通常会嫁给其他有权势的家族，以此来加强他们的政治地位或保持他们的社会地位。这通常会导致近亲之间的婚姻，例如堂兄弟姐妹甚至叔叔和侄女。
European royal families, in particular, were known for engaging in these practices. The 哈布斯堡王朝, a powerful dynasty that ruled over various countries, including Spain, took intermarriage to an extreme. Their goal of keeping power within their own bloodline eventually led to fertility issues and the eventual disappearance of the Spanish branch of the family.
哈布斯堡王朝的下颌，也被称为下颌前颌，是一种以下颌延长为特征的身体状况，是哈布斯堡王朝通婚的常见做法的结果。这种遗传疾病代代相传，成为哈布斯堡王朝的一个显着特征，也是近亲繁殖潜在后果的典型例子。
Similarly, the British Royal Family also had its share of cousin marriages throughout history. Queen Victoria, for example, married her first cousin, Prince Albert, and King George V married his cousin, Princess Mary of Teck. These unions were seen as a way to maintain bloodline purity and strengthen family ties.
英国人口中的极端近亲繁殖
最近的一项研究 highlighting the prevalence of extreme inbreeding in the UK population adds another layer of understanding to the historical phenomenon of inbreeding among royal families and early European society at large. The study’s findings of thousands of individuals in the UK being the result of extreme inbreeding between close relatives echo the patterns observed within royal lineages. This has led some individuals to form derogatory stereotypes such as “Britain is a nation full of inbreds”. Please note that this harmful overgeneralization lacks substantial factual backing.
This research analyzed DNA samples stored in the UK Biobank and found evidence that a fraction of the participants had been conceived by parents who were either first or second-degree relatives. First-degree relatives share 50% of an individual’s genes, such as parents or children, while second-degree relatives share 25% of the same DNA, including uncles, grandparents, and half-siblings. Extrapolating these findings to the wider population in England and Wales suggests an estimate of 13,200 individuals born as a result of inbreeding, although the researchers cautioned that the actual figure could be even higher.
Subsequently, the researchers analyzed the medical records of those individuals and drew comparisons with the broader population. Their findings indicate that these individuals faced a slightly elevated risk of experiencing various health effects. On average, they exhibited a slight decrease in height, lower cognitive abilities, and reduced fertility. Additionally, they had a higher likelihood of encountering lung function issues and contracting diseases compared to the average person.
Modern times have witnessed a shift away from such marriages and an increased focus on understanding and mitigating genetic risks. As society continues to evolve and genetic research advances, it is crucial that we remain cognizant of our history while striving for healthier futures for all families – royal or otherwise.
近亲繁殖的遗传后果
当近亲一起生孩子时，他们的后代继承与健康问题或遗传疾病相关的隐性基因的两个拷贝的风险会增加。当父母双方都携带突变基因时，就会发生这种情况，并且由于他们密切相关，因此他们更有可能拥有同样携带这些基因的共同祖先。
Consanguineous marriages, where the spouses are closely related, have been linked to several well-known genetic disorders. Some examples include hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease. Hemophilia, a rare genetic condition that affects the blood’s ability to clot properly, in particular, was quite common among European royalty and earned the nickname “the Royal Disease”. Queen Victoria, a carrier of the hemophilia gene, passed it on to several of her descendants, resulting in them suffering from the disorder. Her son Prince Leopold and her grandson Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert (later known as Kaiser Wilhelm II), were among those affected. The prevalence of hemophilia among European royalty can be attributed to these marriages within the family. Even the recently deceased Queen Elizabeth II suffered from this disease.
其他健康风险
除了遗传疾病外，近亲繁殖还会导致生育率降低。近亲繁殖个体先天性异常或遗传缺陷的可能性增加会对他们的繁殖能力产生负面影响。
Furthermore, inbred offspring may have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections and diseases. Their compromised immune systems are a result of inheriting multiple harmful genes from closely related parents.
近亲繁殖的极端情况甚至会导致身体畸形。例如，历史人物西班牙的查理二世展示了明显的哈布斯堡王朝下巴，即突出的下颌。这种身体上的畸形是他家族内部几代王室通婚的结果。
However, modern awareness of the potential risks of inbreeding has led to a decline in consanguineous relationships among royalty. The British Royal Family, for instance, is now more diverse than its predecessors. Members of the royal family marry partners from various backgrounds without any family connections, reducing the likelihood of inbreeding.
Moreover, advances in genetic screening and counseling have provided couples who are related with the knowledge to make informed decisions about having children. This has significantly decreased the prevalence of inherited disorders caused by consanguinity, as couples can now understand and manage the potential risks associated with their genetic background.
在本文中，我们深入探讨了有趣的皇室世界，并探讨了历史上近亲繁殖最多的皇室成员。从欧洲君主制国家到太平洋岛国，这些人都承担着以密切血缘关系为特征的血统的负担。
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1查尔斯国王和妻子
查尔斯王子和卡米拉可能是表亲。卡米拉的曾祖母爱丽丝·吉佩尔 （Alice Keppel） 是英格兰爱德华七世 （Edward VII） 的情妇，他们共同生了一个女儿索尼娅 （Sonia）。查尔斯王子的现任妻子卡米拉是索尼娅的孙女。查尔斯和卡米拉一旦被移除，就是二表亲，所以他们是二表亲婚姻的产物。
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2西班牙国王
西班牙王室是近亲繁殖的一个很好的例子。现任国王的父母，希腊的胡安·卡洛斯 （Juan Carlos） 和索菲亚 （Sophia） 都存在近亲繁殖的问题。在胡安·卡洛斯 （Juan Carlos） 方面，我们看到由于维多利亚女王记录的通婚而流传下来的血友病残余。胡安·卡洛斯 （Juan Carlos） 的叔叔阿方索 （Alfonso） 和贡萨洛 （Gonzalo） 都死于缺乏凝血，据信是由于他们轻度近亲繁殖造成的。
国王的母亲索菲亚 （Sophia） 可以说是现代近亲繁殖最糟糕的案例之一。她的两个曾祖父母是兄妹，更糟糕的是，她的曾祖父母也是她的曾曾祖父母，因为德国王室通婚。
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3菲利普亲王
已故伊丽莎白女王的丈夫菲利普亲王也是皇室近亲繁殖的产物。菲利普亲王和女王一样，是 19 世纪欧洲王室婚姻中通婚的不幸产物。
为了深入研究具体细节，菲利普亲王的外曾祖父母是英国维多利亚女王和萨克森-科堡和哥达的阿尔伯特亲王。他们是表亲，共享同一对祖父母。这种密切的家庭关系突出了维多利亚时代通婚的习俗及其对后代的影响。
Additionally, both of Prince Philip's great-grandfathers played roles in perpetuating the pattern of inbreeding. His maternal great-grandfather, King Christian IX of Denmark, was a prominent figure in European royal circles. King Christian's daughter, Princess Alexandra of Denmark, married Queen Victoria's son, Edward VII, further consolidating the interconnections between royal families.
Prince Philip's other great-grandfather was Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse and by Rhine. He married Queen Victoria's second daughter, Princess Alice, making them Prince Philip's maternal great-grandparents. What makes this connection particularly notable is that Grand Duke Louis IV was the uncle of Prince Philip's paternal great-grandfather, Grand Duke Ludwig III of Hesse and by Rhine. The marriage of Prince Philip's great-grandparents, Princess Alice and Grand Duke Louis IV, effectively made their children both first cousins and second cousins.
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4希腊国王和王后
希腊国王和王后君士坦丁二世和丹麦的安妮-玛丽是两个表亲，就像伊丽莎白二世女王和菲利普亲王一样。他们都是维多利亚女王和丹麦第九代克里斯蒂安国王的后裔。然而，与英格兰女王和亲王不同的是，希腊国王和王后有三重关系。它们具有完全相同的血缘系数，这意味着近亲繁殖的数量完全相同。
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5拿破仑皇后
Empress Napoleon, also known as Mary Louise of Austria, was part of an incredibly inbred family. When Napoleon struggled to provide an heir with his first wife, Josephine, he forced Josephine's daughter to marry his brother. This meant that his stepson was also his brother. However, the most inbred member of the Napoleonic family was Napoleon's second wife, Empress Napoleon. Born as Maria Ludovica Leopoldina Franziska Therese Josepha Lucia, Mary Louise hailed from the House of Habsburg, a family known for its extensive history of intermarriage and consanguinity. In the case of Mary Louise, her parents were double first cousins, intensifying the level of shared ancestry within her immediate family.
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6 Alfonso, the Prince of Spain
Alfonso, the Prince of Spain, was the heir to the Spanish throne in the 1920s, during a highly unstable time in Spanish politics. Like Edward VIII of England, Alfonso renounced his rights to the Spanish throne to marry a commoner. Unfortunately, he passed away in 1938 due to a car accident. His hemophilia, a condition that prevents blood clotting, caused him to bleed to death. Inbreeding within the Spanish royal family played a role in the occurrence of recessive genes inherited by Alfonso. As the great-grandchild of Queen Victoria, who carried hemophilia in her family, Alfonso faced increased risk. The Spanish royal family has a history of marrying close relatives, as mentioned before. Ultimately, Alfonso suffered due to the inbreeding of his ancestors and Queen Victoria's ambition to solidify her reputation as the grandmother of Europe.
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7奥地利大公夫人吉泽拉
Archduchess Gizella of Austria, daughter of Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elizabeth, is a lesser-known figure in history. She was the neglected daughter of her parents, who were first cousins. The intense strain caused by their inbreeding affected their children's health. For example, their eldest daughter Sophie died in infancy, likely due to the effects of inbreeding. Another child, Rudolf, suffered from genetic abnormalities and chronic depression, eventually taking his own life. Recent studies have shown a common occurrence of depression within the Habsburg dynasty, suggesting a genetic link. Gizella herself became a figurehead for the consequences of Habsburg inbreeding. She was forced to marry her own cousin at the request of her mother, resulting in physical and emotional suffering for her children. Among her four children, all of them shared eight great-grandparents, who, unfortunately, were not genetically diverse. This situation further compounded the issues caused by inbreeding. -
8 Ludwig, the Mad King of Bavaria
Ludwig II, the Mad King of Bavaria, was a beloved cousin of Empress Elizabeth of Austria. He had a strong appreciation for the arts and commissioned the magnificent Neuschwanstein Castle in the 1800s. However, Ludwig suffered from intense feelings of depression, and his inbreeding is believed to be a significant contributing factor to his mental health struggles. Despite his artistic achievements, Ludwig was eventually dethroned, with his counselors claiming he was insane. Modern studies suggest that Ludwig's depression stemmed from intense guilt over his homosexuality. Nevertheless, inbreeding likely played a role in the intensity of his depression. Interestingly, Ludwig's successor was even more mentally unstable than he was.
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9夏威夷女王 Liliuokalani
夏威夷女王 Liliuokalani 是夏威夷最后一位在位君主，她的祖先也有高度的近亲繁殖。重要的是要注意，关于夏威夷近亲繁殖猖獗存在一种不幸的刻板印象，这在现代时期不一定是正确的。然而，Liliuokalani 的家人有着密切的血缘关系。她的祖父 Kamehameha 高级酋长曾两次成为她的曾祖父，因为她的两个祖父都是兄弟。
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10挪威国王哈拉尔五世
King Harald V of Norway holds the distinction of being one of the most inbred royals currently alive. His parents were first cousins, which significantly limited the number of unique great-grandparents he had. While most people have eight unique great-grandparents, Harald only has six. His grandmother and grandfather were not only siblings but also first cousins to each other. Further back in his ancestry, his great-grandmother, who appears twice, was the niece of his great-grandfather. This extensive inbreeding within Harald's lineage makes him the most inbred royal of the present time.
