自 1950 年以来美国策划的政权更迭行动和代理人战争清单

朝鲜战争始于 1950 年，当时朝鲜入侵韩国。苏联和中国支持朝鲜，而美国及其盟友则支持韩国。战争于 1953 年以停战结束。

Before the war, Korea was ruled by Japan for 35 years until Japan surrendered in 1945. After that, the United States and the Soviet Union divided Korea into two parts, with each country controlling one part. This division led to the creation of two separate governments in 1948: North Korea led by Kim Il Sung, and South Korea, led by Syngman Rhee. Both sides claimed to be the rightful government of all of Korea and disagreed on the border.

统一谈判失败，1950 年 6 月 25 日，北韩军队越过边境进入韩国。联合国安理会称其为入侵，并授权组建一支联合国部队来保卫韩国。大多数联合国部队由美国领导。

The United States’ merciless bombing campaign against North Korea, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, was a pivotal moment in the conflict that ultimately made it near impossible to achieve a peaceful resolution with the North Korean people. This devastating military operation has been described by some historians as even more destructive than the damage inflicted upon Germany and Japan during World War II.

美国向朝鲜投下了大约 635,000 吨炸弹，其中包括大约 32,000 吨凝固汽油弹——一种高度易燃的燃烧武器，用于烧毁建筑物并造成严重伤害。

猛烈的轰炸导致大量平民伤亡，并对房屋、学校、医院、工厂和道路等基础设施造成广泛破坏。据估计，城市地区多达三分之一的人口因此而死亡或受伤。

为了回应中国在 1950 年代末和 51 年代初为支持朝鲜军队而增加的干预，道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军呼吁加强空袭，其中包括地毯式轰炸——在没有具体目标选择的情况下在大片区域投下大量炸弹——旨在大规模摧毁朝鲜城镇。由于它造成的巨大破坏，这引起了相当大的争议。

1953 年 8 月 19 日伊朗的政变标志着该国政治史上的一个重要转折点。这一事件在美国通常被称为阿贾克斯行动，在英国被称为靴子行动，导致伊朗民选总理穆罕默德·摩萨德 （Mohammad Mosaddegh） 被赶下台。

在 1950 年代初期，总理摩萨德已成为伊朗民族主义和自决的象征，这主要是由于他推动伊朗石油工业国有化的运动，该行业一直由外国公司控制，主要是英国拥有的英伊石油公司 （AIOC），现在被称为 BP。

摩萨德的国有化举措被视为对西方利益的直接威胁，尤其是英国的利益。英国政府强烈反对这一行动并寻求美国的援助，认为伊朗正在受到共产主义的影响，并有可能与苏联结盟。

尽管最初犹豫不决，但新当选的艾森豪威尔总统和他的政府被冷战的恐惧所说服，从而同意支持由中央情报局 （CIA） 和英国秘密情报局 （SIS） 协调的推翻摩萨德的秘密计划。

该行动涉及政治颠覆、宣传和精心策划街头抗议的复杂组合。1953 年 8 月 19 日，忠于沙阿的军官逮捕了摩萨德。随着首相的离开，在政变期间短暂逃离该国的沙阿重新掌权。

Although the coup was initially successful in achieving its immediate objective - reinstating the Shah’s power and control - it had far-reaching consequences. The Shah’s increasingly authoritarian rule led to widespread discontent and ultimately laid the groundwork for the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which overthrew the monarchy and established an hardline Islamic Republic in Iran.

几十年后，美国和英国参与政变的行为得到了官方承认。此后，这种干预受到了广泛批评，并被视为导致伊朗和更广泛的中东地区反西方情绪的重要因素。

1954 年危地马拉的政变被称为 Golpe de Estado en Guatemala de 1954，是由中央情报局在秘密行动 PBSuccess 下策划的。它推翻了民选总统雅各布·阿尔本斯 （Jacobo Árbenz），标志着 1944-1954 年危地马拉革命的结束。政变使卡洛斯·卡斯蒂略·阿马斯 （Carlos Castillo Armas） 成为军事独裁政权的领导人，在危地马拉启动了一系列美国支持的独裁统治者。

The Guatemalan Revolution began in 1944 after a popular uprising removed the military dictatorship of Jorge Ubico. Juan José Arévalo was elected as the first president in Guatemala's democratic election. Arévalo implemented reforms such as a minimum wage and expanded suffrage, transforming Guatemala into a democracy. Árbenz succeeded Arévalo in 1951 and implemented land reforms that redistributed property to landless peasants.

联合水果公司（一家美国跨国公司）的利润受到危地马拉剥削劳动做法结束的影响，该公司开展了一场有说服力的游说活动，以说服美国推翻危地马拉政府。哈里·杜鲁门 （Harry Truman） 总统于 1952 年授权 PBFortune 行动移除 Árbenz，这是 PBSuccess 的前身。

The next U.S. president  Dwight D. Eisenhower pledged a stronger stance against communism. Eisenhower's advisers, John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, had connections to the UFC, further motivating them to take action against the Guatemalan government. The U.S. government also exaggerated the extent of communist influence within Árbenz's administration. In August 1953, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to execute Operation PBSuccess. The CIA provided arms, funding, and training to a force of 480 men led by Carlos Castillo Armas.

The coup was preceded by U.S. efforts to isolate and criticize Guatemala on the international stage. Castillo Armas' forces invaded Guatemala on June 18th, 1954, while engaging in intense psychological warfare. They utilized a radio station to broadcast anti-government propaganda, manipulated military events to favor the rebellion, conducted air bombings of Guatemala City, and established a naval blockade. Although the invasion force faced military setbacks, the psychological warfare and the fear of a U.S. invasion intimidated the Guatemalan army, leading them to refuse to fight. Árbenz attempted to arm civilians to resist the invasion but eventually resigned on June 27th. Ten days later, Castillo Armas assumed the presidency following negotiations in San Salvador.

The coup was widely condemned internationally. It was seen as a major blow to democracy in Guatemala and further fueled anti-U.S. sentiment in Latin America. In an attempt to justify the coup, the CIA launched Operation PBHistory to find evidence of Soviet influence in Guatemala during Árbenz's tenure, but the operation proved unsuccessful. Castillo Armas quickly consolidated dictatorial powers, banned opposition parties, imprisoned and tortured political opponents, and reversed the social reforms of the revolution. Guatemala subsequently experienced nearly four decades of civil war as leftist guerrillas fought against a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian regimes marked by severe human rights abuses, including the genocide of the Maya people.

1958 年，艾森豪威尔总统下令中央情报局推翻苏加诺政府，这标志着一场旨在将苏加诺赶下台的秘密行动。然而，这些计划很快就被苏联情报部门揭露，导致“美国推翻苏加诺的阴谋”被广泛了解。

当一名美国飞行员被击落时，中央情报局参与政变变得明显，共产主义活动人士将其用作西方干预印尼事务的证据。这一发现加剧了对政变的反对，并为共产主义支持者提供了一个集结点。这次失败的政变巩固了苏加诺的地位，并加强了他的亲共主义倾向。

The CIA's strategy involved establishing operational bases in the Philippines and employing Filipino CIA paramilitary officers to make contact with Indonesian military forces. They also provided weapons and financial support to rebel military forces and used radio stations to broadcast anti-Sukarno messages as part of psychological warfare. However, the CIA underestimated the strength of the Indonesian Army and failed to recognize that many top commanders were staunchly anti-communist, resulting in clashes between American-aligned forces.

The Indonesian government, led by Sukarno, fiercely opposed the rebels, and loyal military forces were mobilized to suppress the rebellion. They launched attacks on rebel strongholds, including airstrikes and a naval blockade. Eventually, the rebel forces were defeated, and the coup came to a transparent and complete failure. This failure marked a significant setback for the CIA, highlighting their inability to compete with Soviet covert intelligence and the repercussions of underestimating the local dynamics and anti-communist sentiment within the Indonesian Army.

The aftermath of the failed coup further solidified Sukarno's position, and the United Nations supported the formation of Malaysia in Indonesia's northernmost territory. Sukarno's alignment with communist interests became more pronounced, setting the stage for further political developments and tensions in the years to come.

When Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959 after the left-wing revolution, the new regime distanced itself from the United States and aligned closely with the Soviet Union. This raised concerns in the U.S. due to Cuba's proximity and its significance in the Cold War. In response, President Eisenhower ordered the CIA to develop a plan to overthrow Castro's government. The CIA trained and funded a group of exiled Cuban counter-revolutionaries, known as Brigade 2506, as part of this operation.

When President John F. Kennedy took office, he approved the CIA's plan, and the invasion of Cuba was set in motion. However, the attack, known as the Bay of Pigs invasion, quickly encountered setbacks. The Cuban armed forces, under Castro's command, swiftly defeated the invading forces within two days. The failed invasion bolstered Castro's administration, which openly embraced socialism and strengthened its ties with the Soviet Union. The Kennedy administration conducted an assessment of the Bay of Pigs defeat and subsequently initiated a new covert program, Operation Mongoose, in an attempt to remove the Castro regime from power.

Operation Mongoose, overseen by the CIA and Department of Defense, involved a wide range of plans, including political, psychological, military, sabotage, and intelligence operations. It even considered assassination attempts on political leaders, including Castro. However, despite some actions being deployed, Operation Mongoose failed to achieve its primary objectives. Meanwhile, the U.S. became increasingly concerned about Soviet arms shipments to Cuba, with the possibility of nuclear warheads being introduced. This led to the suspension of Operation Mongoose in October 1962 as the Cuban Missile Crisis unfolded, marking one of the most dangerous moments of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The Vietnam War (1955-1975) was a conflict fought between the communist government of North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, which was backed by the United States and other anti-communist allies. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy conflict. It began as an insurgency by communist forces in Vietnam against French colonial rule in the mid-20th century and escalated into a full-fledged war after the French withdrawal from Indochina in 1954.

东京湾事件在美国升级对越南战争的介入中发挥了关键作用。1964 年 8 月，据称北越海军舰艇在东京湾发生了两起对美国海军驱逐舰的袭击。据说这些事件发生在 8 月 2 日和 8 月 4 日。然而，后来出现的证据表明，第二次袭击可能根本没有发生。

The reported attacks were used by President Lyndon B. Johnson as justification for seeking congressional approval to escalate American military involvement in Vietnam. On August 7, just days after the alleged incidents, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave Johnson broad powers to use military force in Southeast Asia without a formal declaration of war.

As American casualties mounted and news about atrocities committed during the conflict spread to Western media outlets, public support for U.S involvement waned significantly.

战争于 1975 年 4 月 30 日正式结束，当时北越军队占领了南越南首都西贡（现在的胡志明市）。西贡的沦陷标志着美国在其历史上持续时间最长的冲突之一中的重大失败。几年后，美国军队不得不在阿富汗面对类似的可耻撤军。

1960 年至 1965 年期间，刚果从比利时独立后，刚果发生了政治动荡和冲突。这场危机是冷战期间的代理人冲突，苏联和美国在一系列内战中支持对立的派系。据估计，这场危机已夺走约 100,000 人的生命。

When Congo gained independence from Belgium on June 30, 1960, Patrice Lumumba became its first Prime Minister. His charisma instilled hope for the future among his people. His anti-colonial stance and goal of a united Congo made Belgian authorities and Western powers, like the US, uneasy.

Even after Congo's independence, Belgium maintained significant economic interests in the country. In an effort to maintain control over their investments and weaken Lumumba's government, Belgian officials backed separatist movements in regions like Katanga, known for their abundant mineral deposits.

冷战背景导致美国担心卢蒙巴的反西方言论可能会导致他与苏联利益保持一致。因此，艾森豪威尔总统批准中央情报局对卢蒙巴政府进行秘密行动。

The involvement of the Soviet Union resulted in a split in the Congolese government and a stalemate between Lumumba and President Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Mobutu Sese Seko, who commanded the army, staged a coup, expelled the Soviet advisors, and established a new government under his control. Lumumba was taken into custody and then executed in 1961. The involvement of Belgian officers in connection to all these has been well documented, while the CIA’s role remains a subject of speculation due to insufficient evidence to conclusively prove their direct participation in the murder.

比利时和美国在破坏帕特里斯·卢蒙巴 （Patrice Lumumba） 领导的刚果独立政府的稳定方面发挥了关键作用，最终导致他被暗杀。

In March 1964, a coup took place in Brazil that resulted in the overthrow of President João Goulart by the Brazilian Armed Forces. The coup occurred from March 31st to April 1st and was supported by the speaker of the Brazilian Congress, who declared the presidency vacant. Goulart, a member of the Brazilian Labour Party, had been democratically elected as vice president. The presidency was originally won by Jânio Quadros, a conservative backed by the National Democratic Union, but he resigned in 1961. According to the Brazilian Constitution, Goulart should have automatically assumed the presidency, but right-wing militants accused him of being a communist and tried to prevent him from taking office. Eventually, a compromise was reached, and the parliamentary system replaced the presidential system, with Goulart continuing as head of state and Tancredo Neves becoming the prime minister.

However, in 1963, a referendum reinstated the presidential system, and Goulart assumed full powers. His presidency faced numerous challenges, including political problems and Cold War disputes, which contributed to its destabilization. Goulart's proposed Basic Reforms Plan aimed to redistribute the profits of large companies, but it was viewed as a "socialist threat" by right-wing factions and the military. Large-scale demonstrations against the government, known as the Marches of the Family with God for Freedom, were organized in opposition to Goulart's policies.

巴西的政变导致了一个符合美国政府利益的军事政权。这种军事独裁持续了 21 年，直到 1985 年，在政变期间参与谈判的坦克雷多·内维斯 （Tancredo Neves） 间接当选为自 1960 年选举以来的第一位文职总统。

The Dominican Civil War, also known as the April Revolution, occurred from April 24th to September 3rd, 1965, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. It began when supporters of ousted President Juan Bosch, both civilian and military, removed President Donald Reid Cabral, who had come to power through a military installation. This second coup prompted General Elías Wessin y Wessin to mobilize loyalist military forces in support of President Reid, leading to an armed conflict against the rebels known as the "constitutionalists." The rebels distributed weapons to civilian sympathizers.

共产主义支持叛乱分子的指控，包括外国参与，导致美国以代号“动力包行动”介入冲突。最终，冲突导致代表美洲国家组织的美洲和平部队占领了多米尼加共和国。1966 年举行了选举，Joaquín Balaguer 当选为新总统。同年晚些时候，外国军队撤出该国。

由于“Power Pack”行动，共产主义并没有在多米尼加共和国站稳脚跟。然而，批评者认为，它为美国进一步干预拉丁美洲开创了先例。

The 1976 Argentine coup d'état, which ousted President Isabel Perón on March 24th, 1976, had elements of right-wing influence but did not strictly adhere to a specific ideology. While it emphasized the restoration of order and security, it was not a traditional right-wing coup. Following the coup, a military junta was established, led by Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera, and Brigadier-General Orlando Ramón Agosti. The junta's political process was officially named the "National Reorganization Process," and although its original members changed, it remained in power until the restoration of democratic governance on December 10th, 1983.

The coup had been planned since October 1975, and the Peron government became aware of the preparations two months before its execution. Henry Kissinger, a U.S. official, held multiple meetings with Argentine Armed Forces leaders after the coup, urging them to swiftly eliminate their opponents before concerns about human rights abuses grew in the United States.

由于在此期间对社会少数群体的系统性迫害，这些事件被归类为种族灭绝过程。这一分类是通过对危害人类罪责任人的审判而确立的。

The United States played a significant role in the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), though it was not officially involved as a combatant. The United States supported Iraq under Saddam Hussein’s regime, believing that it would serve as a buffer against Iran’s expanding influence and revolutionary ideology. The US provided logistics support, military intelligence, financial assistance, and weapons and assistance in the development of chemical weapons (weapons of mass destruction/WMDs) to Iraq.

1983 年，美国发起了“坚定行动”，以限制伊朗从国外获得先进武器的能力。这项行动包括外交努力，旨在说服其他国家不要向伊朗出售武器或提供军事援助。

In August 2013, 《外交政策》杂志 published an article based on CIA documents and interviews with former intelligence officials. The article suggested that the U.S. was aware of Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against Iranian forces and civilians but continued to provide assistance due to strategic interests in the region.

这些披露引发了关于美国当时对伊拉克行动的参与程度和责任的辩论，以及关于国际关系和外交政策决策的更广泛讨论。

The Nicaraguan Revolution, also known as the Sandinista Revolution, occurred from the 1960s to the 1990s and encompassed various phases. It began with the opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s. The Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) led a campaign to oust the dictatorship, which succeeded in 1978-79. Subsequently, the FSLN governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990 while facing the Contra War against the United States-backed Contras from 1981 to 1990. The revolution turned Nicaragua into a prominent battleground of the Cold War, drawing significant international attention.

索莫扎政权的最初推翻是一场动荡的事件，1980 年代的反对战争导致许多尼加拉瓜人丧生，并引发了激烈的国际辩论。由于 1980 年代苏联政治不稳定、经济陷入困境和政府影响力减弱，FSLN 和 Contras 分别代表左翼和右翼派系，从苏联和美国获得了大量援助。

In December 1989, the United States carried out an invasion of Panama called Operation Just Cause with the aim of removing General Manuel Noriega, who had effectively ruled Panama and was wanted by U.S. authorities for drug trafficking and racketeering. The invasion lasted for several weeks and led to Noriega's surrender. As a result, the Panamanian Defense Forces were disbanded, and Guillermo Endara, the opposition candidate, assumed the presidency. Noriega, who was previously an ally of the United States, fell out of favor due to his involvement in criminal activities. Despite failed negotiations for his resignation and his annulment of the Panamanian election results, tensions escalated after the killing of a U.S. Marine, prompting President George H. W. Bush to authorize the invasion. The Panamanian forces were swiftly overwhelmed, leading Noriega to seek refuge in a diplomatic mission before ultimately surrendering. He was later extradited to the U.S., where he was convicted and sentenced to prison. The invasion resulted in casualties on both sides and drew criticism from international bodies for violating international law.

马德琳·奥尔布赖特 （Madeleine Albright） 于 1997 年至 2001 年在比尔·克林顿总统执政期间担任美国国务卿。她是 1999 年北约干预塞尔维亚的关键人物。作为国务卿，她认为北约有道德义务进行干预，以阻止塞尔维亚政府对科索沃阿尔巴尼亚人进行种族清洗。轰炸行动持续了 78 天，最终导致塞尔维亚军队从科索沃撤出。

北约干预的批评者没有得到联合国安理会的批准，他们提出了战争罪的指控，主要是：

* Civilian casualties: NATO bombings resulted in civilian casualties. The exact number is disputed and varies from around 500 to over 2,000 depending on the source.

* Use of depleted uranium: NATO’s use of depleted uranium in its ammunition has been associated with health risks, including cancer and birth defects.

* Bombing of non-military targets: Several buildings not involved in military activities were hit, including the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, in which three Chinese journalists were killed.

Background

兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基 （Zbigniew Brzezinski） 于 1977 年至 1981 年担任卡特总统的国家安全顾问，在苏联入侵期间，他在美国对阿富汗的外交政策中发挥了核心作用。中央情报局秘密支持反对苏联入侵的伊斯兰战士或圣战者。以下是关键事件的简要概述：

* 1979: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to prop up a pro-Soviet government facing a rebellion. This sparked a nine-year conflict.

* Operation Cyclone - This was the code name for the CIA program to arm and finance the Mujahideen in Afghanistan. The operation lasted from 1979 to 1989.

* Zbigniew Brzezinski’s Role - As National Security Advisor, Brzezinski was a leading architect of the strategy to support the Mujahideen. He saw the conflict as an opportunity to sap the resources of the Soviet Union and possibly induce a Soviet version of Vietnam, thus weakening the USSR significantly.

* Impact and Unintended Consequences - The plan was successful in the sense that the Soviet Union was bogged down in Afghanistan for a decade and suffered a major blow to its global prestige. However, the unintended consequence was that the Mujahideen, with their new-found power, would later morph into various factions, including Taliban and al-Qaeda.

奥萨马·本·拉登作为中央情报局资产>

Unintended consequence

Following the September 11th attacks (Read: 奥萨马·本·拉登 （Osama bin Laden） 致美国人民的信), the U.S. demanded the extradition of then al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden from the the Taliban government in Afghanistan, but the Taliban refused to comply without America accepting their 提供.

美国发起了持久自由行动，导致在北方联盟的协助下将塔利班驱逐出主要城市。然而，塔利班重新集结并发动了一场针对阿富汗政府和联军的叛乱。

冲突涉及游击战、自杀式袭击和报复。事实证明，在军事上消灭塔利班的努力具有挑战性，联军转向了外交手段。2020 年美国与塔利班达成的协议概述了美军撤离，这与塔利班在 2021 年的广泛攻势相吻合。

塔利班成功地重新获得了控制权，最终导致喀布尔沦陷，最后一批美军以类似于越南撤军的可耻方式离开。战争导致阿富汗平民大量人员伤亡和流离失所。战争期间有 2,402 名美国军人死亡，20,713 名美国军人在行动中受伤。这场战争成为美国军事史上持续时间最长的战争，超过了越南战争的持续时间。

2003 年入侵伊拉克，被称为伊拉克自由行动，是美国及其盟友领导的一场军事行动，其目标是推翻伊拉克总统萨达姆·侯赛因，解除伊拉克大规模杀伤性武器 （WMD） 的武装，结束对恐怖主义的支持，并在阿拉伯世界建立一个对以色列友好的国家。它从 2003 年 3 月 19 日开始，持续了一个多月。

The invasion involved a coalition force of about 160,000 troops, mainly American soldiers. They swiftly overpowered Iraqi forces, capturing Baghdad on April 9th, 2003, after the Battle of Baghdad. President George W. Bush declared the end of major combat operations on May 1st, 2003.

入侵是基于对伊拉克据称拥有大规模杀伤性武器及其对全球和平的潜在威胁的担忧，尽管没有发现大规模杀伤性武器的证据。这场战争得到了一些国家的支持，但也遭到了其他国家的反对，包括法国、德国和新西兰等美国的长期盟友。世界各地发生了大规模的反对战争的抗议活动，涉及数百万人。

在入侵期间，联军面临有限的抵抗并成功占领了伊拉克，从而推翻了萨达姆·侯赛因政权。随后的时期涉及军事占领和过渡政府的建立。美国在伊拉克的军事存在一直持续到 2011 年撤军。

Aftermath

2003 年萨达姆·侯赛因 （Saddam Hussein） 的下台在伊拉克造成了权力真空，美国在阿拉伯世界的最大敌人伊朗巧妙地利用了这一真空。事情是这样的：

Political Vacuum: Saddam Hussein’s regime was Sunni, although Iraq has a majority Shia population. His removal left a gap in the political structure, which was filled by the Shia majority. Iran, being a predominantly Shia country, found common ground with the new Iraqi leadership.

Influence through Militias: Iran extended its influence in Iraq through various Shia militias. Many of these militias were trained and funded by Iran, enabling Iran to exert considerable influence over Iraq’s security situation.

Economic Ties: Post-Saddam Iraq saw an increase in trade with Iran, further tying the two countries together. Iran became one of Iraq’s largest trading partners, enhancing its influence over the Iraqi economy.

Cultural and Religious Ties: Iran has capitalized on the shared Shia faith to extend its influence in Iraq. The two countries share several religious sites and festivals, and Iran has used these to strengthen its cultural ties with Iraq.

Political Influence: Iran has been able to exert direct and indirect influence over Iraq’s political affairs. It has supported various Shia political parties and politicians, further 巩固其在伊拉克的影响力.

这些因素的最终结果是，伊朗在后萨达姆时代能够将其势力范围扩展到伊拉克。

美国对利比亚的介入，主要是在 2011 年内战期间，意义重大，并在该国目前的无政府状态中发挥了作用。以下是事件的一般时间表：

* 1969-2011: Prior to the civil war, Libya had one of the highest GDPs per capita in Africa, largely due to its large oil reserves. After overthrowing King Idris in 1969, Gaddafi implemented policies aimed at eliminating poverty in Libya. The oil revenue was used to fund large-scale infrastructure projects, leading to a significant increase in the standard of living. Gaddafi introduced free healthcare and education, and subsidized housing was made available to all citizens.

他提出了一项计划，即创造一种由黄金制成的单一非洲货币，称为金第纳尔。我们的想法是，这种货币将用于买卖石油和其他资源，而不是美国或其他外币。

* February 2011: Protests against Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi’s regime began, inspired by the Arab Spring movements in neighboring countries. The protests quickly escalated into a full-blown civil war funded by entities aiming to exploit Libya’s oil resources.

* March 2011: The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1973, authorizing a no-fly zone over Libya. The US, along with NATO allies and some Arab nations, began a military intervention under this authorization.

* April 2011: The US transitioned primary command and control to NATO. However, the US continued to play a significant role in the NATO mission, providing a large portion of the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities, as well as a significant portion of the in-air refueling capabilities.

* October 2011: Gaddafi was captured and killed by rebel forces. The National Transitional Council, composed of anti-Gaddafi forces, declared Libya liberated.

* 2012 and onwards: The following years saw Libya plagued by instability and violence. The country has been split among various armed groups, many of whom have turned against each other. The central government has struggled to exert control, and in some parts of the country, local militias have more power.

Aftermath

After the collapse of Muammar Gadhafi’s regime in 2011, Libya descended into chaos, with various factions vying for control. This created a power vacuum and lawlessness that allowed human trafficking and smuggling networks to thrive. Gaddafi had kept slavery illegal in Libya. Many migrants from other parts of Africa use Libya as a transit point to reach Europe. However, the tightening of border controls by European countries has left many migrants stranded in Libya. These migrants, desperate and without legal protections, are vulnerable to being exploited and sold into slavery. The ongoing economic crisis and instability in Libya have made human trafficking a profitable business. Many Libyans are struggling to make ends meet, and the exploitation of vulnerable migrants has become one way for people to earn money.

This is how 巴拉克·奥巴马 （Barack Obama） 将奴隶贸易带回非洲.

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing conflict in Syria that started in 2011 during the 阿拉伯之春抗议活动. It began as peaceful demonstrations against the Syrian government but escalated into an armed conflict after a violent crackdown. The war involves various factions, including the Syrian Arab Republic led by President Bashar al-Assad, opposition groups like the Syrian Interim Government and the Syrian Salvation Government, the autonomous region of Rojava represented by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and extremist groups such as Al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL) which are al-Qaeda cut outs.

对叙利亚石油的控制 fields has been a factor in the conflict. Various factions, including ISIS at its peak, have sought to control oil fields as a way of generating revenue. Moreover, Israel has an interest in dismantling Syria in order to maintain its grip on oil-rich Golan Heights; Syrian territory occupied by Israel since the 1967.

Several foreign countries, including Iran, Israel, Russia, Turkey, and the United States, have become involved in the conflict by supporting different factions. Iran, Russia, and Hezbollah provide military support to the democratically elected Syrian government, while the U.S - led coalition covertly support rebel groups and conducts airstrikes against government and pro-government forces. Turkey has fought against the SDF, ISIS, and the Syrian government, and also supports the opposition rebel groups.

以下是美国支持叙利亚叛乱组织的一些主要方式：

Financial Support: The US has provided financial assistance to certain rebel groups. This funding has been used to purchase weapons, equipment, and other supplies necessary for their resistance against the Syrian regime.

Military Aid: The US has provided military aid to certain rebel groups, which includes weapons, training, and tactical advice. The CIA ran a program called ‘木材 梧桐’ from 2013 to 2017 that trained and armed rebel groups.

Political Support: The US has also offered political support to the Syrian opposition. This includes advocating for their interests in international forums, such as the United Nations, and applying diplomatic pressure on the Syrian government and its allies.

Sanctions: The US has imposed sanctions on the Syrian regime and its supporters, aiming to weaken them and indirectly support the opposition.

The war has caused a significant number of casualties, with estimates ranging from 470,000 to 610,000 deaths. It has also resulted in a major refugee crisis, with millions of people fleeing to neighboring countries and beyond. Various peace initiatives have been attempted, but fighting has persisted. As of 2023, active combat between the Syrian government and rebel groups has mostly diminished, although sporadic clashes continue in Northwestern Syria. ISIS has been largely defeated, with only isolated pockets of resistance remaining in remote areas.

Ukraine is a resource-rich country in Eastern Europe that neighbors Russia. It is an important place in Russian history and Orthodox Christianity. However, it also has a history of supporting extremist ideologie like Nazism and Zionism to undermine historical Russian influence over the country. The western Polish and Ukrainian populations are aligned with the American-led western block, while Eastern Ukrainians are overwhelmingly pro-Russian and consider themselves ethnic Russian. Certain Western Polish and Ukrainian families, such as the Nulands, Brzezinskis, and Blinkens, have migrated to the US, continuing their ancestral pursuit of dismantling the former Soviet Union and modern-day Russia. Former colonial powers in the world like Britain and France, which had historical rivalries with Russia, as well as global oligarchs and companies like 贝莱德, which wield vast lobbying power in American and Western politics have an interest in dismantling the Russian sphere of influence in resource-rich Eurasian territories.

The Revolution of Dignity, also known as the Maidan Revolution or the Ukrainian Revolution, took place in Ukraine in February 2014. It resulted in the ousting of the democratically-elected President, Viktor Yanukovych, who maintained a balanced approach with the EU and Russia. The protesters also demanded a return to the 2004 Constitution that could pave the way for Ukraine to apply for EU and NATO membership. The revolution also led Russia to annex Crimea in 2014 and sparked the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022.

美国国务院高级官员维多利亚·纽兰 （Victoria Nuland） 和中央情报局 （CIA） 被一些批评者牵连到他们认为是乌克兰独立广场革命的策划中。

* Victoria Nuland’s role:

Nuland was Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs during the events of the Maidan Revolution. She made several trips to Ukraine during the crisis, met with opposition leaders, and expressed strong support for their cause.

Nuland’s infamous leaked phone call with Geoffrey Pyatt, the U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine, in which they discussed their preferred choices for the Ukrainian government after the revolution, has been pointed to as evidence of U.S. interference.

纽兰在独立广场向抗议者公开分发食物，被一些人视为支持反对派的象征性姿态。

* The CIA’s alleged involvement:

Critics allege that the CIA had an active role in organizing and supporting the protests. Some argue that the CIA was involved in training and supporting protest groups, providing tactical advice, and possibly supplying non-lethal equipment. The agency is known for its history of involvement in political upheavals worldwide, which adds to these suspicions.

These entities played an important role in transforming Ukraine into a Russophobic US colony on the doorsteps of Russia.

委内瑞拉拥有全世界已探明的石油储量。沙特阿拉伯的 2980 亿桶已探明储量勉强超过委内瑞拉的 3040 亿桶。两者都大大超过了美国 690 亿桶的已探明储量。

美国政府支持推翻委内瑞拉政府的努力，特别是在乌戈·查韦斯和尼古拉斯·马杜罗担任总统期间。

乌戈·查韦斯 （Hugo Chávez） 从 1999 年开始担任委内瑞拉总统，直到 2013 年去世。他的继任者是他的副总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗 （Nicolás Maduro）。这两位领导人都与社会主义政策和反美修辞。多年来，一再有指控称美国政府试图破坏或推翻委内瑞拉政府。这些指控包括美国向反对派团体提供支持、经济制裁和外交压力的指控。

最著名的事件发生在 2002 年 4 月，当时一场政变短暂地将查韦斯赶下台。他在 48 小时内恢复了权力。美国政府承认了在政变期间掌权的临时政府，导致美国参与或支持的指控。

2019 年 1 月，反对派领导人胡安·瓜伊多 （Juan Guaidó） 宣布自己为委内瑞拉临时总统，对尼古拉斯·马杜罗 （Nicolás Maduro） 总统任期的合法性提出异议。美国和其他几个国家承认瓜伊多是合法的领导人。此举被一些人视为美国支持的政变的又一次尝试。

Bolivia is rich in lithium reserves and is part of 锂三角. Lithium is a finite resource crucial for the production of electric batteries.

玻利维亚第一位原住民总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯 （Evo Morales） 于 2006 年至 2019 年掌权。在他的总统任期内，经济大幅增长和贫困减少。他是另一位与反美情绪和社会主义政策有关的拉丁美洲总统。他甚至向美国国家安全局告密者爱德华·斯诺登（Edward Snowden）提供庇护。

2019 年 10 月，莫拉莱斯竞选第四个任期。选举结果存在争议，美洲国家组织 （OAS） 宣布计票存在违规行为。莫拉莱斯最初同意举行新的选举，但抗议活动继续升级。

2019 年 11 月 10 日，玻利维亚军方公开呼吁莫拉莱斯下台。他在同一天辞职，谴责这些事件是一场政变。莫拉莱斯开始流亡，先是在墨西哥，后来又在阿根廷。

The U.S.’s role in these events is a subject of debate. The U.S. government, under President Donald Trump, was quick to recognize the interim government headed by Jeanine Áñez that took power after Morales’s departure. This led some to argue that the U.S. had supported the coup. Additionally, critics point out that the OAS, which played a key part in questioning the election results, receives a significant portion of its funding from the U.S.

In 2020, a year after Morales was forced out, his political party MAS (Movement Toward Socialism) returned to power in Bolivia with the election of Luis Arce. Morales returned to Bolivia shortly after.

In July 2020, Elon Musk tweeted “我们想怎么发谁就发动什么！处理它” in response to a comment accusing him of engaging in a coup over lithium. Although Musk later clarified that his company gets most of its lithium from Australia, the tweet stirred controversy and speculation about Tesla’s potential benefit from a more business-friendly government in Bolivia.

Pakistan, a country with a long history as a US ally, has seen its Prime Minister Imran Khan ousted through a no-confidence vote in parliament. Khan claims that this is a US-backed regime change. He accused Donald Lu, a senior U.S. State Department official, of being involved in this purported plot.

Interestingly, 录像 showed Lu admitting to contacting Pakistani officials after Pakistan abstained from a vote on Russian aggression in Ukraine.

Pakistan Cypher Exposes 美国施压要求罢免伊姆兰·汗.

美国罢免汗的动机包括：他反对反恐战争、支持巴勒斯坦人、努力改善与俄罗斯和中国的关系以及批评美国的外交政策。